Binocular vision disorders, particularly convergence insufficiency, are prevalent conditions that
significantly impact visual comfort and performance during near tasks such as reading and screen
use. Vision therapy, a non-invasive intervention aimed at improving visual efficiency and coordination,
plays a central role in the management of such disorders. Two of the most widely used approaches in
vergence training—smooth vergence and jump convergence exercises—target different aspects of the
fusional vergence system. Smooth vergence emphasizes sustained, gradual changes in vergence demand,
improving alignment endurance and amplitude, while jump convergence involves rapid shifts in focus
to enhance vergence facility and responsiveness. This review article examines the definitions,
principles, and clinical techniques associated with both training modalities, including tools such as
vectograms, stereoscopes, aperture rules, and free-space fusion cards. A comprehensive synthesis of the
literature reveals strong evidence supporting the efficacy of both smooth and jump vergence exercises in
reducing symptoms and improving clinical outcomes in individuals with convergence insufficiency and
related binocular vision anomalies. Studies also indicate their value in specialized populations, such
as children with learning-related visual problems, adults experiencing digital eye strain, and athletes
requiring dynamic visual coordination.In addition to comparing therapeutic outcomes and mechanisms
of action, this review explores the clinical implications of integrating both techniques into customized
vision therapy protocols. The article concludes with recommendations for future research, including the
standardization of training regimens and the development of technology-assisted delivery methods. By
highlighting current evidence and practical applications, this review supports the continued use and
evolution of vergence therapy as an effective treatment for binocular vision dysfunctions.
